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Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles
Published on: November 1, 2012
Dynamic optimization of stimulation frequency to reduce isometric muscle fatigue using a modified Hill-Huxley model
Brian D Doll1, Nicholas A Kirsch2, Xuefeng Bao3
1Bechtel Marine Propulsion Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Introduction:
Optimal frequency modulation during functional electrical stimulation (FES) may minimize or delay the onset of FES-induced muscle fatigue.
Methods:
An offline dynamic optimization method, constrained to a modified Hill-Huxley model, was used to determine the minimum number of pulses that would maintain a constant desired isometric contraction force.
Results:
Six able-bodied participants were recruited for the experiments, and their quadriceps muscles were stimulated while they sat on a leg extension machine. The force-time (F-T) integrals and peak forces after the pulse train was delivered were found to be statistically significantly greater than the force-time integrals and peak forces obtained after a constant frequency train was delivered.
Discussion:
Experimental results indicated that the optimized pulse trains induced lower levels of muscle fatigue compared with constant frequency pulse trains. This could have a potential advantage over current FES methods that often choose a constant frequency stimulation train. Muscle Nerve 57: 634-641, 2018.
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