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Related Concept Videos

Electron Behavior01:09

Electron Behavior

13.8K
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into subshells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
Electrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the nucleus have less energy,...
13.8K
Electron Behavior00:54

Electron Behavior

110.2K
Overview
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
Electrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the...
110.2K
Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

65.5K
The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
65.5K
Electron Configurations02:46

Electron Configurations

26.9K
Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest energy available), Pauli exclusion principle (no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers), and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity (whenever possible, electrons retain unpaired spins in degenerate orbitals).
The relative energies of the subshells determine the order in which atomic orbitals are filled (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p,...
26.9K
Electron Orbital Model01:18

Electron Orbital Model

74.1K
Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...
74.1K
Electron Affinity03:07

Electron Affinity

44.1K
The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).
44.1K

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Correction: Mukavi et al. Antiprotozoal Aminosteroid Alkaloids from <i>Buxus obtusifolia</i> (Mildbr.) Hutch. <i>Molecules</i> 2025, <i>30</i>, 4558.

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Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;
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Cherchez l'Electron.

Pascal Mäser1,2

  • 1Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Dept. Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.

Molecular Microbiology
|August 24, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers engineered parasite indicator lines to understand how bioreductive prodrugs are activated. This tool helps develop more selective antimicrobial drugs by revealing activation mechanisms and their effects on parasite DNA.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Parasitology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Bioreductive prodrugs offer targeted antimicrobial chemotherapy by activating within pathogens.
  • Understanding the electron sources and reductase enzymes is crucial for selective prodrug activation.

Discussion:

  • Meredith et al. utilized reverse genetics in Trypanosoma brucei to create engineered indicator lines.
  • These lines exhibit hypersensitivity to specific bioreductive prodrugs, enabling discrimination between one- and two-electron activation pathways.
  • Lines deficient in DNA repair further elucidate the genotoxic effects of activated prodrug metabolites.

Key Insights:

  • Developed T. brucei indicator lines as a novel tool for mechanistic studies.
  • Enabled differentiation of prodrug activation mechanisms (one- vs. two-electron transfer).
  • Provided a method to assess the impact of activated prodrugs on parasite genomic integrity.

Outlook:

  • Facilitates rational design of novel bioreductive prodrugs for antiparasitic therapies.
  • Aims to improve selectivity and efficacy of antimicrobial chemotherapy.
  • Supports the development of targeted treatments for parasitic diseases.