Valproic Acid-Functionalized Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes as Mitochondria-Targeting Anticancer Agents

Valproic acid (VPA) is a short-chain, fatty acid type histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), which can cause growth arrest and induce differentiation of transformed cells. Phosphorescent cyclometalated Ir^III complexes have emerged as potential anticancer agents. By conjugation of VPA to Ir^III complexes through an ester bond, VPA-functionalized cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes 1 a-3 a were designed and synthesized. These complexes display excellent two-photon properties, which are favorable for live-cell imaging. The ester bonds in 1 a-3 a can be hydrolyzed quickly by esterase and display similar inhibition of HDAC activity to VPA. Notably, 1 a-3 a can overcome cisplatin resistance effectively and are about 54.5-89.7 times more cytotoxic than cisplatin against cisplatin-resistant human lung carcinoma (A549R) cells. Mechanistic studies indicate that 1 a-3 a can penetrate into human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells quickly and efficiently, accumulate in mitochondria, and induce a series of cell-death-related events mediated by mitochondria. This study gives insights into the design and anticancer mechanisms of multifunctional anticancer agents.