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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Updated: Feb 24, 2026

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Cold water immersion: kill or cure?

M J Tipton1, N Collier1, H Massey1

  • 1Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cold water immersion (CWI) presents both risks and benefits, acting as a hazard or treatment depending on context. This review assesses the varied evidence for CWI

Keywords:
coldcold waterdrowningexercise physiologyhyperthermiainflamationtreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Environmental Medicine
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Cold water immersion (CWI) is increasingly popular for wellness and athletic recovery.
  • Understanding the dual nature of CWI as both a potential hazard and therapeutic intervention is crucial.
  • This review synthesizes existing research on human physiological responses to CWI.

Observation:

  • CWI is examined for its historical context and role in drowning, cardiac arrest, and hypothermia.
  • The review assesses CWI's potential in prolonged underwater survival, heat acclimatization, and treating hyperthermia.
  • Emerging applications of CWI in inflammation prevention and treatment are also considered.

Findings:

  • The evidence supporting CWI's purported benefits and risks is highly variable.
  • While many claims for CWI have a plausible scientific basis, some rely on anecdotal evidence.
  • The strength of scientific evidence varies significantly across different applications of CWI.

Implications:

  • This review highlights the need for rigorous scientific investigation into CWI's effects.
  • Clear research directions are identified to strengthen the evidence base for CWI.
  • Future research should focus on clarifying the specific circumstances under which CWI is beneficial or harmful.