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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the polymer...
2.6K
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
2.9K
Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

9.9K
The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
9.9K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
2.6K
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

2.6K
Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning
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Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

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Solid Phase Stepwise Synthesis of Polyethylene Glycols.

Ashok Khanal1, Shiyue Fang1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|August 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a chromatography-free method to synthesize polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives. This novel solid-phase synthesis yields high-purity PEG chains with controlled end-group functionalities.

Keywords:
mass spectrometrymonodispersepolyethylene glycolsolid-phase synthesissynthetic methods

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a versatile polymer with applications in pharmaceuticals, drug delivery, and biomaterials.
  • Developing efficient and scalable synthesis methods for well-defined PEG derivatives is crucial for advanced applications.
  • Current PEG synthesis often involves complex purification steps, limiting scalability and increasing costs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, chromatography-free solid-phase synthesis for polyethylene glycol (PEG) and its derivatives.
  • To synthesize PEG chains with controlled lengths (eight and twelve ethylene glycol units) and specific end-group functionalities.
  • To achieve high yields and purity of PEG products suitable for various applications.

Main Methods:

  • Stepwise addition of tetraethylene glycol monomers onto a polystyrene solid support (Wang resin).
  • Utilized monomers with orthogonal protecting groups (tosyl and dimethoxytrityl) for controlled chain elongation.
  • Employed a synthetic cycle involving deprotonation, Williamson ether formation, and detritylation, followed by cleavage with trifluoroacetic acid.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives with eight and twelve ethylene glycol units.
  • Achieved high yields of PEG products without the need for chromatographic purification.
  • Characterization by ESI and MALDI-TOF MS confirmed the formation of near-monodisperse PEG chains with defined functionalities.

Conclusions:

  • The developed solid-phase synthesis offers an efficient, chromatography-free route to well-defined PEG derivatives.
  • This method provides access to PEG products with controlled lengths and diverse end-group functionalities.
  • The high yield and purity of the synthesized PEGs make them suitable for advanced material and biomedical applications.