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Related Concept Videos

Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
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Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
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Yeast Signaling01:28

Yeast Signaling

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Yeasts are single-celled organisms, but unlike bacteria, they are eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus). Cell signaling in yeast is similar to signaling in other eukaryotic cells. A ligand, such as a protein or a small molecule released from a yeast cell, attaches to a receptor on the cell surface. The binding stimulates second-messenger kinases to activate or inactivate transcription factors that further regulate gene expression. Many of the yeast intracellular signaling cascades have similar...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

The Green Monster Process for the Generation of Yeast Strains Carrying Multiple Gene Deletions
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The Green Monster Process for the Generation of Yeast Strains Carrying Multiple Gene Deletions

Published on: December 15, 2012

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Rapid functional and evolutionary changes follow gene duplication in yeast.

Samina Naseeb1, Ryan M Ames1, Daniela Delneri2

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
|August 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Gene duplication in yeast can lead to rapid gene loss, especially for non-tandem copies under respiratory conditions. This study reveals context-dependent evolutionary dynamics following gene duplication events.

Keywords:
evolutionfunctional innovationgene duplicationgene expression

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Gene and genome duplication are fundamental drivers of evolutionary innovation.
  • The evolutionary fate of duplicated genes (loss, modification, retention) is typically inferred from comparative genomics.
  • Rapid evolutionary events immediately post-duplication may be missed by traditional methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fate of gene duplicates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under varying conditions.
  • To monitor transcriptional changes and fitness alterations following gene duplication.
  • To determine the time scale and asymmetry of gene loss after duplication.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with tandem and non-tandem duplications of the IFA38 gene.
  • Monitored gene loss, fitness, and transcriptome changes across different conditions and over time.
  • Utilized experimental evolution to observe post-duplication dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Gene duplication induced widespread transcriptional changes.
  • A fitness advantage was observed only in fermentable media.
  • Non-tandem gene copies were rapidly and asymmetrically lost within a few generations under respiratory conditions, while original and tandem copies were retained.

Conclusions:

  • Gene loss following duplication can be extremely rapid and is highly context-dependent.
  • The location and configuration of gene duplicates influence their retention or loss.
  • This study provides direct experimental evidence for rapid, context-specific gene loss dynamics.