Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

7.9K
The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
7.9K
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

79.4K
Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
79.4K
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

13.5K
One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
13.5K
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

9.6K
The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA...
9.6K
Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

18.7K
Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
18.7K
Compounds Essential to Human Function01:25

Compounds Essential to Human Function

11.3K
The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all physiological processes in the body and are broadly classified into organic and inorganic based on their chemical structures.
Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
Inorganic compounds essential to human functioning include water, salts, acids, and bases. These compounds are inorganic, i.e., they do not have a carbon-hydrogen bond. Water...
11.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Precise control of switchable chimeric antigen receptor T cells allows enhanced safety and less T cell exhaustion.

Journal of translational medicine·2026
Same author

NAE1/UBA3-UBE2M are E1 and E2 enzymes for the URM1 modification.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Site-Specific Immobilization of ZNRF3 Reveals the Importance of Target Structural Integrity on Macrocyclic Peptide Selections.

ACS chemical biology·2026
Same author

Phage Display Driven Identification and Computational Mapping of Macrocyclic Peptides Targeting RhoA G17V.

Biochemistry·2026
Same author

Nicotine-Inspired, De Novo-Designed SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors Reveal Unique Chemistry for Covalently Conjugating Both Cysteine and Histidine Residues in the Catalytic Dyad.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

From vibrations to function: Spectroscopic detection and quantification of π-π stacking in drug-responsive protein complexes.

Science advances·2026
Same journal

RNA polymerase II phosphorylation dynamics: from molecular mechanisms to human disease.

RNA biology·2026
Same journal

Impact of interspecies colostrum and milk replacement on circulating sncRNA dynamics of neonatal goat kids.

RNA biology·2026
Same journal

The role of RNA modifications in cancer translational control.

RNA biology·2026
Same journal

Discovery of a mutation-containing circRNA in polyglutamine disease through systematic analysis of RNAs with CAG repeats.

RNA biology·2026
Same journal

FDA-approved antisense oligonucleotide therapies for duchenne muscular dystrophy: current status and future outlook.

RNA biology·2026
Same journal

The RNA binding protein ZFP36L2 displays tissue-selective mRNA targeting in mice.

RNA biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization
15:22

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

Published on: April 3, 2014

17.8K

tRNAPyl: Structure, function, and applications.

Jeffery M Tharp1, Andreas Ehnbom1, Wenshe R Liu1

  • 1a Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA.

RNA Biology
|August 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pyrrolysine, the 22nd proteinogenic amino acid, is incorporated using a specialized pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) and tRNAPyl pair. This orthogonal system enables genetic code expansion in diverse hosts.

Keywords:
Non-canonical amino acidspyrrolysinepyrrolysyl-tRNApyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetasesynthetic biologytRNAPyl

More Related Videos

Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids
09:04

Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids

Published on: September 21, 2017

10.0K
Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides
13:19

Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides

Published on: June 2, 2022

4.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization
15:22

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

Published on: April 3, 2014

17.8K
Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids
09:04

Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids

Published on: September 21, 2017

10.0K
Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides
13:19

Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides

Published on: June 2, 2022

4.2K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Pyrrolysine is the 22nd proteinogenic amino acid, encoded by amber (TAG) codons.
  • Its incorporation relies on a specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) and cognate tRNA (tRNAPyl).
  • tRNAPyl possesses unique structural features distinct from canonical tRNAs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structural elucidation of tRNAPyl.
  • To examine the interaction between PylRS and tRNAPyl.
  • To survey the application of the PylRS/tRNAPyl pair for genetic code expansion.

Main Methods:

  • Structural biology techniques to determine tRNAPyl structure.
  • Biochemical assays to study PylRS-tRNAPyl interactions.
  • Genetic engineering approaches to utilize the system in heterologous hosts.

Main Results:

  • The PylRS/tRNAPyl pair from archaea demonstrates orthogonality in bacterial (E. coli) and eukaryotic systems.
  • Unique structural elements of tRNAPyl are crucial for its function.
  • This system is widely adopted for incorporating non-canonical amino acids.

Conclusions:

  • The PylRS/tRNAPyl pair is a powerful tool for genetic code expansion.
  • Understanding tRNAPyl structure and PylRS interaction is key to its application.
  • Continued research promises further advancements in synthetic biology.