Formation of a-plane facets in three-dimensional hexagonal GaN structures for photonic devices

Control of the growth front in three-dimensional (3D) hexagonal GaN core structures is crucial for increased performance of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and other photonic devices. This is due to the fact that InGaN layers formed on different growth facets in 3D structures exhibit various band gaps which originate from differences in the indium-incorporation efficiency, internal polarization, and growth rate. Here, a-plane {[Formula: see text] } facets, which are rarely formed in hexagonal pyramid based growth, are intentionally fabricated using mask patterns and adjustment of the core growth conditions. Moreover, the growth area covered by these facets is modified by changing the growth time. The origin of the formation of a-plane {[Formula: see text]} facets is also discussed. Furthermore, due to a growth condition transition from a 3D core structure to an InGaN multi-quantum well, a growth front transformation (i.e., a transformation of a-plane {[Formula: see text]} facets to semi-polar {[Formula: see text]} facets) is directly observed. Based on our understanding and control of this novel growth mechanism, we can achieve efficient broadband LEDs or photovoltaic cells.