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Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A...

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the GABAA receptor, increasing its affinity for GABA, which opens chloride...

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

High-Throughput Method for Measuring Alcohol Sedation Time of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

High-Throughput Method for Measuring Alcohol Sedation Time of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: April 20, 2020

Revalidation for gastroenterologists, with or without sedation!

Duncan E Loft¹, Adam W Harris¹, Ian G Barrison¹

¹Clinical Services and Standards Committee, British Society of Gastroenterology, London, UK.

Frontline Gastroenterology

|August 26, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

UK doctors, including gastroenterologists, must now be licensed to practice, with revalidation ensuring continued certification. This process aims to confirm physician competency efficiently, avoiding excessive data collection for safe medical practice.

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Area of Science:

Medical Licensing and Certification
Physician Revalidation Standards

Background:

Mandatory licensing for UK doctors effective November 16, 2009.
Revalidation integrates relicensing and recertification for medical professionals.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline the process of recertification for gastroenterologists in the UK.
To address concerns about revalidation, emphasizing its role in demonstrating physician competence.

Main Methods:

Focus on the principles and aims of the revalidation process.
Discussion of specialty-specific standards development.

Main Results:

General Medical Council endorsement of specialty standards for physician medicine is imminent.
Gastroenterology subspecialty standards are currently under evaluation and consultation.

Conclusions:

Revalidation should be viewed as a supportive process for demonstrating safe practice.
The aim is to streamline data collection, minimizing burden on physicians.