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Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Endoscopic Injection Sclerotherapy Assisted by Cyanoacrylate and Clips for Gastroesophageal Varices

Endoscopic Injection Sclerotherapy Assisted by Cyanoacrylate and Clips for Gastroesophageal Varices

Published on: June 13, 2025

New and emerging endoscopic haemostasis techniques.

Rebecca Palmer¹, Barbara Braden¹

¹Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK.

Frontline Gastroenterology

|August 26, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Endoscopic treatments, including new devices and dual-modality approaches, offer improved outcomes for upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Advanced techniques provide effective hemostasis for both variceal and non-variceal hemorrhages.

Keywords:

clip application endoscopic haemostasis haemostatic powder non-variceal bleeding

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Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Endoscopic Surgery

Background:

Endoscopic treatment is the primary approach for upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Dual-modality endoscopic therapy shows better results than monotherapy for non-variceal bleeding.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in endoscopic hemostasis techniques.
To highlight new devices and adapted techniques for managing upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Main Methods:

Review of new endoscopic devices and techniques.
Discussion of mechanical, thermal, and topical hemostatic methods.
Evaluation of applications in variceal and non-variceal bleeding, including specific conditions like gastric antral vascular ectasia.

Main Results:

Development of larger, repositionable clips and over-the-scope clips for mechanical hemostasis.
Topical hemostatic agents show promise for diffuse oozing and arterial bleeding.
Radiofrequency ablation and multiband ligation are new tools for gastric antral vascular ectasia.
Covered, removable esophageal stents aid in managing refractory variceal bleeding.

Conclusions:

Recent innovations enhance endoscopic control of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Advanced endoscopic techniques provide effective solutions for both acute and refractory bleeding scenarios.