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Related Concept Videos

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions

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The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the...
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The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
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Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

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The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
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The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Stereotaxic Surgical Approach to Microinject the Caudal Brainstem and Upper Cervical Spinal Cord via the Cisterna Magna in Mice
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The epitrigeminal approach to the brainstem.

Georgios Andrea Zenonos, David Fernandes-Cabral, Maximiliano Nunez

    Journal of Neurosurgery
    |August 26, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The novel epitrigeminal entry zone offers a safe and effective surgical approach for ventrolateral pons pathologies. This method provides enhanced versatility for accessing brainstem lesions.

    Keywords:
    CN = cranial nerveCST = corticospinal tractHCP = Human Connectome ProjectHDFT = high-definition fiber tractographybrainstem approachescavernous malformationsepitrigeminal approachintrinsic brainstem lesionssafe entry zonesubtemporal transtentorial approachsurgical technique

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurosurgery
    • Neuroanatomy
    • Surgical Neurology

    Background:

    • Surgical access to the ventrolateral pons presents significant challenges.
    • Conventional approaches often have limitations in reaching specific pontine pathologies.

    Observation:

    • The study introduces the

    Findings:

    • The epitrigeminal entry zone was found to be a safe and effective surgical corridor.
    • High-definition fiber tractography revealed an average direct distance of 12.6 mm between the trigeminal entry zone and corticospinal tracts.

    Implications:

    • This approach offers increased versatility for treating ventrolateral pontine lesions.
    • It provides a reliable landmark for neurosurgeons, potentially simplifying complex procedures.