Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 24, 2026
07:30
Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
Published on: May 1, 2018
16.0K
Isometric shoulder strength in young swimmers.
Sally J McLaine1, Karen A Ginn2, James W Fell1
1School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia.
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
|August 29, 2017
Summary
This study established normative shoulder strength values for young swimmers, finding significant differences between males and females but no differences in strength ratios. This provides a valuable reference for clinicians assessing shoulder strength in this population.
Area of Science:
- Sports Medicine
- Biomechanics
- Rehabilitation
Background:
- High prevalence of shoulder pain in young swimmers.
- Shoulder rotation strength and ratios are potential modifiable risk factors.
- Normative data for strength in elevated positions lacking for young swimmers.
Purpose of the Study:
- Establish clinically useful, normative shoulder strength measures and ratios.
- Target population: swimmers aged 14-20 years without shoulder pain.
Main Methods:
- Cross-sectional, observational study design.
- 85 swimmers without recent shoulder pain underwent strength testing.
- Hand-held dynamometer used for shoulder flexion, extension, internal, and external rotation strength, normalized to body weight.
Main Results:
- Normative shoulder strength values and ratios established for young swimmers.
- Significant differences in relative strength between males and females for all tests.
- No significant differences in strength ratios, dominant/non-dominant shoulders, or between swimmers with/without prior shoulder pain history.
Conclusions:
- A normal shoulder strength profile for young swimmers has been established.
- Provides a valuable reference for clinicians assessing shoulder strength.
- Highlights gender-specific differences in relative shoulder strength.
Related Concept Videos
01:23Muscles of the Shoulder
9.4K
The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
9.4K
01:22Isotonic and Isometric Muscle Contractions
7.8K
Two primary types of muscle contractions are isotonic and isometric, each serving unique functions and involving distinct mechanisms. Both isotonic and isometric contractions are integral to the body's complex system of movement and stability. Isotonic exercises contribute significantly to functional strength and movement, while isometric contractions are crucial for maintaining posture and joint stability.
Isotonic contractions
Isotonic contractions occur when a muscle changes length while...
Isotonic contractions
Isotonic contractions occur when a muscle changes length while...
7.8K
01:26Muscles of the Anterior Neck
5.1K
The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
5.1K
01:31Muscles that Move the Arm
5.0K
Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
5.0K
01:27Exercise and Muscle Performance
2.8K
Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
2.8K