Radiofrequency Ablation in the Treatment of Benign Thyroid Nodules: An Efficient and Safe Alternative to Surgery

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of radiofrequency (RF) ablation in the treatment of benign thyroid nodules (BTNs) by applying a modification of the moving-shot technique.

Fifty-one BTNs in 46 patients for whom surgery was contraindicated or who refused surgery were treated with RF ablation: 31 had lesion volumes < 20 cm³ (group A) and 20 had volumes ≥ 20 cm³ (group B). The solid component percentage of each lesion was assessed, and any present fluid component was aspirated. Symptomatic scores and cosmetic scores (CSs) were assessed. All RF ablations were performed under ultrasound (US) guidance with an 18-gauge electrode. Treatment response was evaluated by contrast-enhanced US at 6-month intervals for 18 months in group A. In group B, after the 6- and 12-month follow-up assessments, a second treatment was performed in selected cases, and the 6-month contrast-enhanced US follow-up was started again. Volume reduction rate (VRR) was evaluated at each follow-up examination.

No permanent paralysis of the laryngeal nerve was observed; 2 patients experienced transient hoarseness. In all nodules treated with a single RF ablation session, the VRRs at 6, 12, and 18 months were 69.4%, 78.7%, and 84% in group A, respectively, and 66.6%, 79.4%, and 81.5% in group B, respectively. The VRRs of group B nodules treated with a second RF ablation procedure (n = 6) were 86.4% and 88.2% at 6 and 12 mo after the second treatment, respectively. All patients reported symptom relief and CS improvement.

RF ablation is a reliable alternative to surgery in patients affected by BTNs and can be safely repeated in selected cases.