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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Reactions02:26

Chemical Reactions

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A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A reaction’s stoichiometry helps predict how much of the reactant is needed to produce the desired amount of product, or in some cases, how much product will be formed from a specific amount of the reactant.
The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. However, in...
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Chemical Reactions01:19

Chemical Reactions

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A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances
A chemical reaction takes starting materials—the reactants—and changes them...
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Coupled Reactions01:17

Coupled Reactions

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Cellular processes such as building and breaking down complex molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are spontaneous and release energy, whereas others require energy to proceed. Cells often couple the energy-releasing reaction with the energy-requiring one to carry out important cell functions. 
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Determining Order of Reaction02:53

Determining Order of Reaction

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Rate laws describe the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants. In a rate law, the rate constant k and the reaction orders are determined experimentally by observing how the rate of reaction changes as the concentrations of the reactants are changed. A common experimental approach to the determination of rate laws is the method of initial rates. This method involves measuring reaction rates for multiple experimental trials carried out using...
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Reaction Mechanisms03:06

Reaction Mechanisms

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Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:
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Introduction to Chemical Reactions01:23

Introduction to Chemical Reactions

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All chemical reactions begin with a reactant, the general term for one or more substances entering the reaction. Sodium and chloride ions, for example, are the reactants in the production of table salt. One or more substances produced by a chemical reaction are called the product. Chemical reactions follow the law of conservation of mass, which means that matter cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The components of the reactants—the number of atoms and the...
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Grip on complexity in chemical reaction networks.

Albert S Y Wong1, Wilhelm T S Huck1

  • 1Institute for Molecular Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

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Summary

Systems chemistry aims to replicate natural complexity synthetically. This study proposes a bottom-up approach to design chemical reaction networks (CRNs), enabling control and understanding of their emergent functions.

Keywords:
chemical reaction networkcomplexitydissipative systemsnetwork motifsout-of-equilibriumtunability

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Area of Science:

  • Systems chemistry
  • Synthetic biology
  • Chemical kinetics

Background:

  • Living systems utilize complex chemical reaction networks (CRNs) to regulate molecular concentrations in space and time.
  • Biological networks, despite their complexity, exhibit functional motifs like bistability and oscillations.
  • Understanding CRNs is crucial for deciphering the functional principles of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a bottom-up approach for designing and constructing synthetic chemical reaction networks (CRNs).
  • To enable the study of how individual chemical components influence the overall network properties.
  • To advance the understanding and control of complex chemical systems.

Main Methods:

  • Designing synthetic chemical reaction networks (CRNs) using a bottom-up strategy.
  • Investigating the impact of single chemical entities on network behavior.
  • Analyzing network motifs and their contribution to emergent functions.

Main Results:

  • A framework for constructing CRNs with predictable functions is proposed.
  • The influence of specific molecules on network properties can be traced.
  • Potential for guiding and controlling synthetic chemical systems.

Conclusions:

  • A bottom-up approach facilitates the design and understanding of complex CRNs.
  • This methodology allows for the precise control of synthetic chemical systems.
  • Systems chemistry offers a powerful framework for replicating and engineering biological functions.