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Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces

Published on: February 6, 2017

Methods for ascertaining norovirus disease burdens.

David J Allen^1,2, John P Harris^3,2

¹a Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology , Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK.

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

|August 29, 2017

Summary

Norovirus causes widespread gastrointestinal illness, particularly in young children. Advances in laboratory diagnostics and surveillance are improving our understanding and control of this common pathogen.

Keywords:

calicivirus disease burden infectious disease norovirus transmssion

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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

Published on: March 28, 2015

Area of Science:

Public Health
Virology
Epidemiology

Background:

Norovirus is a leading cause of gastrointestinal disease globally, affecting all age groups but with the highest incidence in children under five.
Surveillance is challenging due to underreporting of mild cases, yet GII.4 strains dominate global populations.
Existing surveillance methods are being enhanced by molecular diagnostics and outbreak investigations.

Purpose of the Study:

To improve the understanding of norovirus epidemiology and disease burden.
To explore advancements in laboratory diagnostics and surveillance for better outbreak control.
To identify opportunities for vaccine and antiviral development against norovirus.

Main Methods:

Utilizing public health laboratory surveillance data to track norovirus strains, particularly GII.4.
Implementing molecular-based diagnostics for improved case ascertainment and outbreak investigations.
Leveraging recent advances in norovirus cell culture systems and next-generation sequencing.

Main Results:

Global surveillance confirms the dominance of GII.4 norovirus strains.
Enhanced epidemiological and molecular surveillance provide better estimates of norovirus burden.
New research is investigating disease distribution, host susceptibility, and case ascertainment methods.

Conclusions:

Integrating epidemiological and virological surveillance is crucial for effective norovirus control.
Advances in laboratory techniques offer new avenues for understanding this pathogen.
Improved knowledge facilitates the development and deployment of vaccines and antivirals.