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Sockeye salmon immunoglobulin V_H usage and pathogen loads differ between spawning sites.

Maxwell E Chappell¹, Lidia Epp¹, Patty Zwollo¹

¹Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, United States.

Developmental and Comparative Immunology

|August 30, 2017

Summary

Juvenile salmon develop long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) for pathogen protection at their natal sites. This study confirms site-specific antibody gene usage in sockeye salmon, supporting natural immunization against local fish pathogens.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Ichthyology
Genetics

Background:

The Immunological Imprinting Hypothesis suggests juvenile fish develop pathogen-specific immunity at natal sites.
Long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) produce antibodies, conferring protection upon return to native waters.

Purpose of the Study:

To test the Immunological Imprinting Hypothesis in Alaskan sockeye salmon populations.
To investigate the relationship between antibody gene usage, pathogen exposure, and site-specific immunity.

Main Methods:

Analysis of Immunoglobulin V_H gene family usage via RT-qPCR in spleen and anterior kidney samples.
Quantification of pathogen loads and infection prevalence for Renibacterium salmoninarum, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, and Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus.
Comparison of immunological and pathological data across six distinct spawning sites.

Main Results:

Significant differences in V_H gene usage, pathogen prevalence, and loads were observed between spawning sites.
Infection probability varied by location for each pathogen.
Negative correlations were found between specific V_H gene usage patterns and pathogen loads.

Conclusions:

Findings support the Immunological Imprinting Hypothesis, demonstrating site-dependent V_H gene usage in sockeye salmon.
This suggests a mechanism for natural immunization, potentially protecting wild and farmed fish populations from endemic pathogens.