Saponin extract from Panax notoginseng promotesangiogenesis through AMPK‑ and eNOS‑dependent pathways in HUVECs

Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are among the most important compounds extracted from Panax notoginseng root, and have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to control bleeding. PNS have recently garnered attention for the treatment of circulatory system diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of PNS on angiogenesis in vitro and to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying their actions. The present results demonstrated that the proliferative ability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was augmented following treatment with PNS. In addition, wound healing and Boyden chamber assays indicated that PNS may enhance HUVEC motility and increase the number of capillary‑like tube branches in HUVECs. These effects were suppressed by 5' adenosine monophosphate‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitors. Furthermore, western blot analysis demonstrated that PNS stimulated the phosphorylation of AMPK and eNOS at Thr‑172 and Ser‑1179, respectively. These results suggested that PNS may promote tube formation in endothelial cells through AMPK‑ and eNOS‑dependent signaling pathways.