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Design Example01:23

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The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones
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The input efficiency of chord keyboards.

Fong-Gong Wu1, Wen-Zhou Shi1

  • 1a Department of Industrial Design , National Cheng Kung University , Taiwan.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics : JOSE
|August 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study explored a new chord keyboard design with multiple characters per key. While causing some user confusion, this innovative mobile input device improved overall input performance.

Area of Science:

  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Ergonomics
  • Usability Engineering

Background:

  • Traditional mobile input devices often present usability challenges.
  • Ergonomic design principles are crucial for optimizing user interaction with technology.
  • Chord keyboards offer a potential alternative for efficient text input.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the usability and operating performance of an innovative mobile input device.
  • To assess the impact of multiple characters per key on user performance and experience.
  • To investigate the integration of ergonomic design in chord keyboard development.

Main Methods:

  • Usability tests were conducted with twelve right-handed subjects (ages 20-30) without wrist disabilities.
  • The study focused on a chord keyboard model integrating ergonomic design principles.
Keywords:
chorded keyboardinput efficiencypointing device

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  • Data analysis involved comparing the means to identify performance differences.

    • Main Results:

    • Keyboards featuring multiple characters per key led to increased user confusion.
    • Despite initial confusion, the use of multiple characters per key demonstrated enhanced input performance.
    • The innovative mobile input device model showed potential for improved efficiency.

    Conclusions:

    • Chord keyboards with multiple characters per key present a trade-off between learnability and performance.
    • Ergonomic design principles can be successfully integrated into novel mobile input devices.
    • Further research is warranted to optimize multi-character key layouts for reduced user confusion.