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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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What is the Skeletal System?01:02

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Overview
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
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Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis

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Thyroid diseases and bone health.

G R Williams1, J H D Bassett2

  • 1Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, 10N5 Commonwealth Building, London, W12 0NN, UK. graham.williams@imperial.ac.uk.

Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
|August 31, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormones are crucial for bone health throughout life. Maintaining normal thyroid function is essential for healthy skeletal development in children and bone strength in adults, preventing conditions like osteoporosis.

Keywords:
Bone developmentHypothyroidismOsteoporosisThyroid hormone receptor αThyrotoxicosis

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Biology
  • Skeletal Development

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones regulate skeletal development and adult bone maintenance.
  • Childhood hypothyroidism leads to growth impairment and skeletal dysplasia.
  • Thyroid hormone resistance, particularly TRα mutations, causes severe skeletal phenotypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of thyroid hormones in skeletal development and bone health.
  • To examine the impact of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on bone.
  • To highlight the importance of euthyroid status for skeletal integrity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on thyroid status and skeletal outcomes.
  • Analysis of clinical data from childhood and adult populations.
  • Inclusion of findings from genetic and animal models of thyroid hormone action.

Main Results:

  • Hypothyroidism in childhood impairs growth and bone accrual; TRα mutations cause severe skeletal dysplasia.
  • Adult thyrotoxicosis and subclinical hyperthyroidism are linked to osteoporosis and fracture risk.
  • Thyroid status within the euthyroid range influences bone mineral density and fracture risk.

Conclusions:

  • Euthyroid status is fundamental for normal post-natal growth and bone accrual.
  • Optimal thyroid function is critical for maintaining adult bone structure and strength.
  • Thyroid status significantly impacts skeletal health across all age groups.