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Sampling Methods: Sample Types

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Sampling materials are classified into three main types: solid, liquid, and gas.
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Updated: Feb 23, 2026

A Filter-based Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Assay for Rapid Detection of Chemical Contaminants

A Filter-based Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Assay for Rapid Detection of Chemical Contaminants

Published on: February 19, 2016

Sample processing approach for detection of ricin in surface samples.

Staci Kane¹, Sanjiv Shah², Anne Marie Erler¹

¹Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.

Journal of Immunological Methods

|September 1, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Developing new methods for ricin detection is crucial for environmental safety. This study optimized sample processing to improve ricin analysis accuracy and reduce false results after decontamination.

Keywords:

Bleach decontamination Concentration Ricin contamination Sample processing Time Resolved Fluorescence immunoassay Ultrafiltration

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Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs

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Published on: April 9, 2021

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Analytical Chemistry
Biotechnology

Background:

Ricin contamination incidents necessitate rapid, accurate environmental analysis methods.
Existing methods face challenges with sample matrices and decontamination residues.
Improved sample processing is vital for reliable ricin detection.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a sample processing method for environmental ricin analysis.
To assess potential interferents in post-decontamination samples.
To evaluate centrifugal ultrafiltration for ricin concentration.

Main Methods:

Time-Resolved Fluorescence (TRF) immunoassay used to test interferents.
Analysis of bleach residue, sample material, wetting buffer, and reference dust.
Evaluation of centrifugal ultrafiltration devices for sample concentration.

Main Results:

Sample matrix components did not cause elevated background fluorescence.
Particulate matter (Arizona Test Dust) did not interfere with ricin detection.
Centrifugal ultrafiltration achieved up to 30-fold ricin concentration, removing soluble interferents.

Conclusions:

Elevated background fluorescence may stem from labeled antibody issues, not sample matrix.
The developed sample processing method enhances ricin detection limits and accuracy.
Ultrafiltration offers a promising front-end step for ricin analysis, adaptable to various environmental samples.