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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation01:24

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Glucuronidation, a pivotal phase II biotransformation process, involves the coupling of glucuronic acid to a drug or xenobiotic. Given its widespread occurrence and critical role in drug metabolism, it's considered the most crucial phase II reaction. It enhances the water solubility of substances, aiding their expulsion from the body. The driving force behind these reactions is a group of enzymes known as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGTs facilitate the transfer of a glucuronic acid...
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Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides in a Soil Sample by a Modified QuEChERS Approach Using Ammonium Formate
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Decrease of ethyl glucuronide concentrations in hair after exposure to chlorinated swimming pool water.

Marc Luginbühl1, Susanne Nussbaumer1, Wolfgang Weinmann1

  • 1Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland.

Drug Testing and Analysis
|September 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Chlorinated water significantly reduces ethyl glucuronide (EtG) levels in hair, impacting alcohol consumption monitoring. Frequent water exposure, like swimming, can lower EtG concentrations below detection thresholds.

Keywords:
EtGalcohol markerdrug test adulterationethyl glucuronidehair analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Toxicology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a direct alcohol biomarker used in hair analysis for monitoring alcohol consumption and abstinence.
  • Accurate interpretation of EtG hair concentrations is crucial for forensic and clinical assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of chlorinated swimming pool water on EtG concentrations in hair.
  • To compare the washout effect of chlorinated water versus deionized water on hair EtG levels.

Main Methods:

  • Hair samples from regular drinkers were incubated in chlorinated and deionized water for varying durations (0-10 hours).
  • EtG concentrations were quantified using a validated online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method.
  • Forensic hair samples were also analyzed after 10-hour incubation in chlorinated water to assess real-world washout effects.

Main Results:

  • Incubation in chlorinated water led to a significant decrease in EtG concentrations over time.
  • After 10 hours, EtG levels decreased by 57% in chlorinated water and 47% in deionized water.
  • Forensic samples showed a mean EtG decrease of 53% after 10-hour incubation in chlorinated water.

Conclusions:

  • Water exposure, particularly prolonged immersion like swimming, can cause significant washout of EtG from hair.
  • This washout effect may lead to falsely low EtG concentrations, potentially falling below established thresholds for alcohol consumption.
  • Forensic and clinical interpretations of EtG hair analysis must consider potential water exposure to avoid misclassification of alcohol consumption behavior.