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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

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Hypoparathyroidism.

Michael Mannstadt1, John P Bilezikian2, Rajesh V Thakker3

  • 1Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom St., Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|September 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypoparathyroidism, a condition of low parathyroid hormone (PTH), causes calcium and phosphate imbalances. PTH replacement therapy shows promise, offering a new treatment option beyond traditional supplements.

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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Hypoparathyroidism is characterized by deficient parathyroid hormone (PTH) leading to hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia.
  • Symptoms include neuromuscular irritability, muscle cramps, and seizures due to low calcium.
  • Common causes involve surgical injury, genetics, or autoimmune factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on hypoparathyroidism.
  • To review pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies.
  • To highlight emerging treatments like PTH replacement therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical trial data on hypoparathyroidism.
  • Analysis of conventional and novel treatment approaches.
  • Synthesis of expert consensus from clinical practice guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Conventional treatments (vitamin D, calcium) have limitations and risks.
  • PTH replacement therapy (PTH(1-34), PTH(1-84)) demonstrated safety and efficacy in trials up to 6 years.
  • Recombinant human PTH(1-84) is approved but long-term effects are under evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • PTH replacement therapy represents a significant advancement in managing hypoparathyroidism.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand long-term outcomes and optimize patient care.
  • Updated clinical guidelines acknowledge the evolving treatment landscape.