Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

1.1K
Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
1.1K
Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

Opioid Receptors: Overview

5.2K
Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2,...
5.2K
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

1.1K
Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
1.1K
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

747
Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
747
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

721
Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
721
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

7.3K
Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
7.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effectiveness of an amlodipine and perindopril arginine-based strategy for hypertension management in Morocco: a prospective observational study.

The Pan African medical journal·2026
Same author

Urodynamics assessment in patients with multiple sclerosis.

BJUI compass·2026
Same author

The functional gait deviation index.

Journal of applied statistics·2026
Same author

Spatial transcriptomics iterative hierarchical clustering (stIHC): A novel method for identifying spatial gene co-expression modules.

Quantitative biology (Beijing, China)·2026
Same author

Roles of children, isolation measures and socioeconomic status in SARS-CoV-2 household transmission: a retrospective cohort study in a southern US city.

BMJ public health·2026
Same author

Worldwide trends in metabolic syndrome from 2000 to 2023: a systematic review and modelling analysis.

Nature communications·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice
11:10

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice

Published on: November 16, 2011

95.9K

Opioid Receptor Activation Impairs Hypoglycemic Counterregulation in Humans.

Michelle Carey1,2, Rebekah Gospin1, Akankasha Goyal1

  • 1Diabetes Research and Training Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.

Diabetes
|September 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Opioid receptor activation in humans mimics hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF), a condition that impairs glucose counterregulation. This finding suggests new strategies for safer intensive glycemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

More Related Videos

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy
08:47

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy

Published on: December 7, 2017

10.3K
Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
08:32

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain

Published on: January 4, 2018

10.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice
11:10

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice

Published on: November 16, 2011

95.9K
Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy
08:47

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy

Published on: December 7, 2017

10.3K
Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
08:32

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain

Published on: January 4, 2018

10.9K

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • Intensive glycemic control is crucial for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) outcomes but is limited by hypoglycemia.
  • Recurrent hypoglycemia can lead to hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF), impairing counterregulatory responses.
  • The role of opioid receptor activation in inducing HAAF in humans remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether and how opioid receptor activation induces HAAF in healthy humans.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying HAAF development.
  • To explore potential pharmacologic targets for improving glycemic control safety in T1DM.

Main Methods:

  • Twelve healthy subjects participated in a two-day study protocol.
  • Day 1: Euglycemic infusions of saline or morphine (0.1 μg/kg/min).
  • Day 2: Stepped hypoglycemic clamps with evaluation of counterregulatory hormones, endogenous glucose production (EGP), and symptoms.

Main Results:

  • Morphine administration significantly reduced plasma epinephrine response by approximately 30% on Day 2.
  • Opioid receptor activation led to reduced EGP and blunted hypoglycemia-associated symptoms.
  • These effects mimic key features of HAAF.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacologic opioid receptor activation induces clinical and biochemical features of HAAF in humans.
  • This study clarifies the role of opioid receptors in HAAF development.
  • Findings suggest novel pharmacologic strategies for safer intensive glycemic control in T1DM.