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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Hair Cells01:22

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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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Gastrulation01:56

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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The Cochlea01:13

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Gene, cell, and organ multiplication drives inner ear evolution.

Bernd Fritzsch1, Karen L Elliott1

  • 1University of Iowa, Department of Biology, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.

Developmental Biology
|September 4, 2017
PubMed
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The evolution of the auditory system involved changes in ear neurosensory cells, organ development, and brain structures. Gene regulatory networks driving cell fate transformations were key to developing hearing capabilities.

Keywords:
Cell type evolutionDifferential expression regulationTranscription factor multiplication

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The auditory system's evolution is complex, involving sensory cells, organogenesis, and neural processing.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving these changes is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolutionary development of auditory neurosensory cells and associated brain structures.
  • To explore the role of gene duplication and transcription factor diversification in auditory system evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ear and brain development and evolution.
  • Analysis of cell fate determination and gene regulatory networks.

Main Results:

  • Auditory system evolution resulted from duplication and diversification of cell fate transcription regulation.
  • Changes occurred at cellular (neurosensory cells, hair cells), organ (otic placode), and brain (hindbrain organization) levels.
  • bHLH and other transcription factors play a role in these transformations.

Conclusions:

  • Auditory system evolution is linked to modifications in existing cell fate networks.
  • Understanding developmental networks can reveal mechanisms of neurosensory evolution.
  • This knowledge may aid in future restoration of cells and organs.