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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

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Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin01:28

The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin

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Essential proteins such as insulin or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and micronutrients such as iron enter a eukaryotic cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the early endosomes fuse with the vesicles containing such receptor-ligand complexes and play a vital role in sorting the incoming ligands and receptors. While the ligands are either degraded inside the vesicle or released into the cytosol, their receptors are returned to the plasma membrane for further rounds of...
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
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Plant ESCRT Complexes: Moving Beyond Endosomal Sorting.

Caiji Gao1, Xiaohong Zhuang2, Jinbo Shen2

  • 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou 510631, China; These authors contributed equally to this work.

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The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery in plants has conserved roles in membrane sorting and unique functions in processes like autophagy and viral replication, highlighting evolutionary divergence.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Plant cell biology
  • Molecular and cell biology
  • Membrane trafficking

Background:

  • The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is crucial for membrane deformation and neck scission.
  • Plant ESCRTs are known for their conserved roles in multivesicular body (MVB) biogenesis and protein sorting.
  • Recent discoveries reveal unique plant ESCRT components and novel functions beyond endosomal sorting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the diverse roles of plant ESCRT machinery.
  • To present current working models for plant ESCRT function.
  • To explore the evolutionary divergence of ESCRT functions in plants.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research.
  • Analysis of conserved and plant-specific ESCRT functions.
  • Comparative analysis of ESCRT roles across different biological processes.

Main Results:

  • ESCRT machinery plays conserved roles in MVB biogenesis and protein sorting in plants.
  • Unique plant ESCRT components have been identified.
  • Emerging roles in autophagy, cytokinesis, viral replication, ABA signaling, and chloroplast turnover are evident.

Conclusions:

  • Plant ESCRTs exhibit both conserved and uniquely evolved functions.
  • ESCRT machinery is involved in a wider array of cellular processes in plants than previously appreciated.
  • Future research should focus on elucidating these novel plant-specific ESCRT roles and their evolutionary significance.