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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Detection of Mitochondria Membrane Potential to Study CLIC4 Knockdown-induced HN4 Cell Apoptosis In Vitro
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The MCU complex in cell death.

Elisa Penna1, Javier Espino1, Diego De Stefani1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy.

Cell Calcium
|September 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) handling is crucial for cell survival and metabolism. Recent genetic studies reveal the molecular players, enabling new models to explore calcium

Keywords:
CalciumCell deathMCUMCU complexMitochondria

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Calcium Signaling

Background:

  • Mitochondrial calcium accumulation was established in the 1960s.
  • Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis regulates cell metabolism and survival.
  • Molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial calcium handling were recently elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize and critically evaluate current knowledge.
  • To explore the role of mitochondrial calcium handling in cell death.
  • To highlight the impact of recent genetic discoveries.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic dissection of mitochondrial calcium uptake and release systems.
  • Development of genetic models.
  • Critical literature review and evaluation.

Main Results:

  • The molecular identity of key mitochondrial calcium transporters is now known.
  • Genetic models allow direct testing of mitochondrial calcium's role in cellular functions.
  • Understanding of mitochondrial calcium's contribution to cell death is evolving.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial calcium handling is a critical regulator of cellular processes, including cell death.
  • Recent advances in genetic dissection have significantly advanced the field.
  • Further research is needed to fully clarify the complex roles of mitochondrial calcium.