Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Formulation and Manufacturing Process: Physical Attributes of Generic Tablets and Capsules01:18

Formulation and Manufacturing Process: Physical Attributes of Generic Tablets and Capsules

375
Bioequivalence in generic drugs, such as tablets and capsules, refers to their pharmaceutical equivalence to the brand-name counterparts. However, for therapeutic equivalence, manufacturers must also consider physical attributes like size, shape, and weight (FDA Guidance for Industry, December 2003). Discrepancies in these aspects could impact patient compliance and cause medication errors. For instance, swallowing difficulties, often experienced with larger tablets or capsules, can lead to...
375
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

1.1K
Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
1.1K
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:27

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

207
Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
207
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

71
Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
71
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems01:18

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

47
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...
47
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted01:24

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted

33
Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.
33

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Microneedle array platforms for drug delivery and biomarker sensing: From skin mechanics guided design to scalable manufacture for clinical utility.

Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society·2026
Same author

Resolving the Paradox of Training in Preventive Medicine.

American journal of preventive medicine·2025
Same author

White paper: Understanding, informing and defining the regulatory science of microneedle-based dosage forms that are applied to the skin.

Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society·2024
Same author

Measles-Rubella Microarray Patches Phase III Clinical Trial Framework: Proposal and Considerations.

Vaccines·2024
Same author

The Slow-Moving Crisis of Training in Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

Journal of occupational and environmental medicine·2024
Same author

Assessing the risk of a clinically significant infection from a Microneedle Array Patch (MAP) product.

Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
09:44

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

Published on: September 26, 2025

590

Development and Evaluation of Topical Gabapentin Formulations.

Christopher J Martin1, Natalie Alcock2, Sarah Hiom3

  • 1St Mary's Pharmaceutical Unit, Cardiff and Vale UHB, Cardiff CF14 4HY, UK. C.J.Martin@bath.ac.uk.

Pharmaceutics
|September 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Topical gabapentin formulations show promise for peripheral neuropathic pain relief. Specific hydrogel and Lipoderm® formulations effectively permeated human skin in vitro, warranting further clinical investigation.

Keywords:
Carbopol®Lipoderm®gabapentinhuman skintopical

More Related Videos

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging
11:07

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging

Published on: November 24, 2021

3.4K
Encapsulation of Cancer Therapeutic Agent Dacarbazine Using Nanostructured Lipid Carrier
07:53

Encapsulation of Cancer Therapeutic Agent Dacarbazine Using Nanostructured Lipid Carrier

Published on: April 26, 2016

11.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
09:44

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

Published on: September 26, 2025

590
Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging
11:07

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging

Published on: November 24, 2021

3.4K
Encapsulation of Cancer Therapeutic Agent Dacarbazine Using Nanostructured Lipid Carrier
07:53

Encapsulation of Cancer Therapeutic Agent Dacarbazine Using Nanostructured Lipid Carrier

Published on: April 26, 2016

11.6K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Dermatology
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Topical gabapentin aims to treat peripheral neuropathic pain while minimizing systemic side effects.
  • Previous in vitro studies on topical gabapentin delivery yielded variable results, often dependent on the specific skin model used (e.g., rodent, porcine).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the in vitro permeation of gabapentin across human skin from various topical formulations.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of different bases and enhancers in facilitating gabapentin skin penetration.

Main Methods:

  • Gabapentin permeation was assessed in vitro using Franz-type diffusion cells with human epidermal membranes.
  • Formulations included Carbopol® hydrogels with enhancers (DMSO, ethanol) and a compounded Lipoderm® base.
  • Microneedle delivery served as a positive control.

Main Results:

  • Specific formulations demonstrated successful gabapentin permeation through human skin.
  • A 6% gabapentin Carbopol® hydrogel with 5% DMSO or 70% ethanol, and a 10% gabapentin Lipoderm® formulation were effective.
  • Results were contextualized with existing literature, highlighting the impact of skin models.

Conclusions:

  • Certain topical gabapentin formulations, including specific hydrogels and a Lipoderm® base, can permeate human skin in vitro.
  • Further pre-clinical and clinical studies are necessary to confirm the efficacy and safety of these topical delivery systems for neuropathic pain.