Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane01:12

Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane

4.9K
Porins are beta-barrel proteins translocated to the mitochondrial outer membrane through the TOM complex into the intermembrane space. Porin precursors bind TIM chaperones within the intermembrane space and are guided to the Sorting and Assembly Machinery complex or SAM complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Three models describe the assembly of porins by the SAM complex and their insertion into the outer membrane. Model 1 suggests that porins are assembled outside the SAM channel as the...
4.9K
Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

9.4K
During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
9.4K
Structure of Porins01:21

Structure of Porins

4.0K
Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and gram-negative bacteria have transmembrane, beta-barrel proteins called porins to mediate the free diffusion of ions and metabolites across the membrane. Mitochondrial porin precursors contain conserved amino acid sequences called beta signals at their C-terminal. Beta signals have a  motif of PoXGXXHyXHy (Po-Polar, X-Any amino acid, G-Glycine, Hy-LargeHydrophobic), which are crucial for precursor recognition to initiate precursor assembly. Beta-barrel...
4.0K
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

13.5K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
13.5K
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

19.2K
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
19.2K
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

17.5K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
17.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Molecular regulation and physiological role of GOLPH3-mediated Golgi retention.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Folding the message: mRNA structure as a regulatory layer of human mitochondrial gene expression.

Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research·2026
Same author

Standardized numbering and alignment of the KPC family of β-lactamases.

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy·2026
Same author

SPSignal: a web tool for structure-assisted prediction of nuclear localization and nuclear export signals in proteins.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same author

The latest AI breakthroughs in structural biology: protein binder design and conformational state prediction.

Communications biology·2026
Same author

When membrane insertion sets the pace of mitochondrial translation.

Nature structural & molecular biology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools
05:27

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools

Published on: July 20, 2022

2.3K

Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase biogenesis: Recent developments.

Alba Timón-Gómez1, Eva Nývltová1, Luciano A Abriata2

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|September 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX) biogenesis involves complex assembly pathways and regulation. This review critically examines recent advances in understanding COX assembly, focusing on subunit coupling and supercomplex formation.

Keywords:
COX assembly factorCOX1COX2Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidaseRespiratory supercomplex

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Advancing Techniques and Discoveries in Protein Synthesis and Assembly Through Innovative Mitochondrial Research
09:53

Author Spotlight: Advancing Techniques and Discoveries in Protein Synthesis and Assembly Through Innovative Mitochondrial Research

Published on: June 7, 2024

1.7K
Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mitochondrial Contact Sites and Architectural Insights
07:55

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mitochondrial Contact Sites and Architectural Insights

Published on: June 16, 2023

2.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools
05:27

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools

Published on: July 20, 2022

2.3K
Author Spotlight: Advancing Techniques and Discoveries in Protein Synthesis and Assembly Through Innovative Mitochondrial Research
09:53

Author Spotlight: Advancing Techniques and Discoveries in Protein Synthesis and Assembly Through Innovative Mitochondrial Research

Published on: June 7, 2024

1.7K
Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mitochondrial Contact Sites and Architectural Insights
07:55

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mitochondrial Contact Sites and Architectural Insights

Published on: June 16, 2023

2.1K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Respiration
  • Mitochondrial Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is crucial for cellular oxygen consumption and ATP production.
  • Human COX is a hetero-multimeric complex with subunits encoded by both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes.
  • COX biogenesis is a complex process involving numerous assembly factors and regulatory mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically summarize recent progress and controversies in key aspects of COX biogenesis.
  • To review the assembly pathways, focusing on linear versus modular assembly.
  • To discuss the coupling of mitochondrial translation to COX assembly and supercomplex formation.

Main Methods:

  • Critical review of existing literature and recent research findings.
  • Analysis of studies investigating COX assembly factors and regulatory processes.
  • Examination of research on mitochondrial translation coupling and supercomplex integration.

Main Results:

  • Significant insights have been gained into the multi-step COX assembly process.
  • Evidence suggests complex regulatory mechanisms ensure proper subunit synthesis and assembly.
  • The integration of COX into respiratory supercomplexes is a key aspect of its function.

Conclusions:

  • COX biogenesis is a highly regulated and sophisticated process essential for cellular energy production.
  • Ongoing research continues to clarify the intricacies of COX assembly and its integration into cellular respiration.
  • Understanding COX assembly is vital for comprehending mitochondrial function and associated diseases.