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Directional Terms01:14

Directional Terms

17.3K
Directional terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of tissue as "inferior to" another, or a physician might describe a tumor as "superficial to" a deeper body structure. These terms often use comparative terms in pairs to trace out the relative locations of one body part to another or descriptions of body tissues like the deeper ones from superficially present with reference to...
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Determination01:51

Determination

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
21.2K
Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
7.2K
State Space Representation01:27

State Space Representation

625
The frequency-domain technique, commonly used in analyzing and designing feedback control systems, is effective for linear, time-invariant systems. However, it falls short when dealing with nonlinear, time-varying, and multiple-input multiple-output systems. The time-domain or state-space approach addresses these limitations by utilizing state variables to construct simultaneous, first-order differential equations, known as state equations, for an nth-order system.
Consider an RLC circuit, a...
625
Clinically Relevant Drug Product Specifications: Methods of Establishment01:29

Clinically Relevant Drug Product Specifications: Methods of Establishment

271
Product specifications define the acceptable quality of a pharmaceutical product by ensuring identity, purity, potency, and strength. These specifications serve as benchmarks during development, manufacturing, and post-approval quality control. Clinically relevant specifications are particularly important because they directly relate to a drug's safety and efficacy in clinical use.Dissolution studies are critical biopharmaceutic tools that link in vitro behavior to in vivo performance. They...
271
Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

20.8K
In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy
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Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy

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Position paper: the science of deep specification.

Andrew W Appel1, Lennart Beringer2, Adam Chlipala3

  • 1Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|September 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This research introduces deep specification, a method for creating reusable, verified software and hardware components. It aims to enable the construction of large, trustworthy systems from smaller, formally verified parts.

Keywords:
formal methodsprogramming languagesproof assistants

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Software Engineering
  • Formal Methods

Background:

  • The increasing complexity of software and hardware systems necessitates robust verification techniques.
  • Current component-based development often lacks strong guarantees of correctness across different teams and projects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish the formal underpinnings for industrial-scale formal specifications of software and hardware components.
  • To popularize a style of specification termed 'deep specification' for building large verified systems.

Main Methods:

  • Identifying and defining a class of specifications characterized as rich, two-sided, formal, and live.
  • Developing a proof-of-concept system using the Coq proof assistant to demonstrate specification and verification across diverse subteams.
  • Dividing specification and verification work across decoupled subteams focusing on hardware, compilers, operating systems, and applications.

Main Results:

  • The development of a proof-of-concept system for deep specification.
  • Identification of key formal underpinnings for industrial-scale component specification.
  • Demonstration of cross-team correctness theorems through experimental use of deep specifications.

Conclusions:

  • Deep specification offers a promising approach for creating verifiable, reusable components essential for large-scale systems.
  • The methodology aims to foster collaboration and trust in component-based software and hardware development.
  • Encouraging adoption by both academic researchers and industry practitioners is a key objective.