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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry
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Update on Aire and thymic negative selection.

Geraldo A Passos1,2, Cesar A Speck-Hernandez3, Amanda F Assis1

  • 1Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.

Immunology
|September 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene controls immune tolerance by regulating self-antigen expression in the thymus. This prevents the immune system from attacking the body's own tissues, thus preventing autoimmune diseases.

Keywords:
Aireautoimmunityimmune tolerancenegative selectionthymus

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Genetics
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • The autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene, identified 20 years ago, is crucial for immune system function beyond its link to autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy.
  • Aire's discovery revolutionized understanding of central tolerance and self-non-self distinction.
  • Aire is a pleiotropic gene and a key marker in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of Aire in controlling peripheral tissue antigen (PTA) expression in mTECs.
  • To elucidate Aire's mechanism of action in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation.
  • To highlight Aire's influence on negative selection of autoreactive thymocytes for central tolerance induction and autoimmune disease prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Aire function.
  • Analysis of Aire's role in mTEC differentiation and PTA expression.
  • Examination of Aire's impact on thymocyte selection and immune tolerance.

Main Results:

  • Aire controls mTEC differentiation, PTA expression, and mTEC-thymocyte adhesion.
  • Aire influences microRNA expression and exhibits promiscuous gene expression in mTECs.
  • Aire is essential for the negative selection of autoreactive thymocytes.

Conclusions:

  • Aire acts as a critical controller of PTAs in mTECs, influencing both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation.
  • Aire's function is fundamental to establishing central immunological tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases.
  • Understanding Aire's mechanism provides insights into molecular genetics and immune system regulation.