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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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SN2 Reaction: Kinetics02:14

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Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a...
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Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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In an SN2 reaction, the reaction rate depends on both the type of nucleophile and the substrate. A hindered tertiary alkyl halide is practically inert to the SN2 mechanism despite using a strong nucleophile.
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Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments
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A classical view on nonclassical nucleation.

Paul J M Smeets1,2,3, Aaron R Finney4,5,6, Wouter J E M Habraken1,2,7

  • 1Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|September 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calcium carbonate nucleation in solution forms a dense liquid precursor phase. This liquid phase, not large clusters, leads to vaterite crystal formation via classical nucleation concepts.

Keywords:
calcium carbonatecryo-electron microscopycrystal growthmolecular simulationnucleation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is a crucial material in geology, biology, and industry.
  • Understanding CaCO3 nucleation is vital for controlling crystallization processes.
  • Existing models for CaCO3 nucleation include nonclassical pathways and liquid-liquid phase separation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nucleation mechanism of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in dilute aqueous solutions.
  • To clarify the role of prenucleation species in CaCO3 precipitation.
  • To reconcile proposed nonclassical nucleation pathways with classical nucleation theory.

Main Methods:

  • Combined experimental and computational investigation.
  • Analysis of CaCO3 precipitation in supersaturated aqueous solutions.
  • Characterization of the precursor phase composition and structure.

Main Results:

  • A dense liquid precursor phase forms in supersaturated CaCO3 solutions, composed of ions and ion pairs.
  • This liquid phase contains approximately 4-7 H2O per CaCO3 unit.
  • The liquid precursor transforms into solid vaterite (CaCO3) via classical nucleation and growth mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • The precipitation of CaCO3 from dilute aqueous solutions proceeds via a dense liquid precursor phase.
  • This process can be fully described by classical nucleation and growth theories.
  • The findings support the applicability of classical physical concepts to complex, multiphase nucleation mechanisms.