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Aging01:26

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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The regulation of the cardiovascular system allows the body to adapt to various demands and maintain homeostasis.
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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Aging: Molecular Pathways and Implications on the Cardiovascular System.

Arthur José Pontes Oliveira de Almeida1, Thaís Porto Ribeiro1, Isac Almeida de Medeiros1

  • 1Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas/Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária-Campus I, Caixa Postal 5009, 58.051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.

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As people live longer, cellular senescence, a key aging mechanism, drives age-related diseases like cardiovascular conditions. Targeting senescence offers a promising therapeutic strategy to improve healthspan and match lifespan.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Global population over 60 is rapidly increasing, highlighting the need to extend healthspan alongside lifespan.
  • Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death, with age being a primary risk factor.
  • Aging is associated with a decline in physiological functions and an increase in senescent cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the biological mechanisms of aging and their connection to cardiovascular diseases.
  • To identify cellular senescence as a unifying pathway linking aging and disease.
  • To propose senescence as a potential therapeutic target for improving healthspan.

Main Methods:

  • Review of aging hallmarks including oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic dysregulation.
  • Analysis of key regulators of cellular metabolism and senescence, such as ROS, AMPK, SIRTs, mTOR, IGF-1, and p53.
  • Exploration of telomere shortening as an inducer of senescence.

Main Results:

  • Aging is characterized by increased cellular senescence.
  • Multiple pathways, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, contribute to senescence.
  • Key metabolic regulators link aging processes to disease pathways.
  • Cellular senescence represents a common pathway connecting aging to cardiovascular diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular senescence is a central mechanism in aging and age-related diseases, particularly cardiovascular conditions.
  • Targeting cellular senescence presents a novel therapeutic avenue to enhance healthspan.
  • Future therapies focused on senescence may help align healthspan with increased lifespan.