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Updated: Feb 23, 2026

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Encouraging Critical Clinical Thinking (CCT) Skills in First-Year Veterinary Students.

Duncan C Ferguson, Leslie Klis McNeil, David J Schaeffe

    Journal of Veterinary Medical Education
    |September 7, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    Veterinary students showed improved critical clinical thinking (CCT) skills through structured exercises, with higher scores correlating to better academic performance. Early CCT training in veterinary medicine curricula is valuable.

    Keywords:
    critical clinical thinkingcritical thinkingevidence-based medicineproblem solving

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    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Medical Education
    • Cognitive Skill Development

    Background:

    • Early exposure to clinical concepts is crucial for veterinary students.
    • Critical Clinical Thinking (CCT) skills are essential for effective veterinary practice.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the efficacy of individual and paired group exercises in developing CCT skills in first-year veterinary students.
    • To assess the impact of early CCT training on student performance and attitudes.

    Main Methods:

    • Administered the Cornell Critical Thinking Test (Level Z) before and after instruction.
    • Implemented 14 individual and paired group exercises over six months, increasing in complexity.
    • Utilized a six-category critical-thinking rubric to score student analyses of clinical cases.

    Main Results:

    • Individual and group rubric scores significantly increased, indicating improved CCT skills.
    • No significant change in overall CCT test scores, but a slight improvement in argument validity assessment.
    • End-of-year GPAs showed a linear correlation with cumulative individual rubric scores.

    Conclusions:

    • Early curriculum CCT training is valuable for veterinary students, particularly when assessed with discipline-specific criteria.
    • Student attitudes towards the exercises were mixed, with concerns about preparation time and summative evaluation.
    • The study confirms the benefit of integrating CCT development early in the veterinary medical curriculum.