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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

18.6K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
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Updated: Feb 23, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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Nonlinear coherent structures in granular crystals.

C Chong1, Mason A Porter, P G Kevrekidis

  • 1Department of Mathematics, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States of America.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|September 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Granular crystals, nonlinear metamaterials, exhibit unique properties like energy localization due to geometrical nonlinearities. This review covers nonlinear coherent structures, including solitary waves and discrete breathers, in these materials.

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Area of Science:

  • Interdisciplinary research combining materials science, nonlinear dynamics, and condensed-matter physics.
  • Focus on granular crystals as nonlinear metamaterials composed of elastically interacting particles.

Background:

  • Granular crystals leverage geometrical nonlinearities for unique properties not found in conventional materials.
  • These properties include tunability and energy localization, offering novel engineering possibilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent experimental, computational, and theoretical findings on nonlinear coherent structures in granular crystals.
  • To highlight the fascinating dynamics of structures like solitary waves, dispersive shock waves, and discrete breathers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental, computational, and theoretical studies on granular crystals.
  • Focus on one-dimensional systems with extensions to two-dimensional settings.
  • Analysis of nonlinear coherent structures and their emergent dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Granular crystals exhibit diverse transient and robust long-lived patterns from nonlinear coherent structures.
  • Solitary waves, dispersive shock waves, and discrete breathers demonstrate complex dynamics.
  • One-dimensional systems are primarily studied, with emerging research in two-dimensional configurations.

Conclusions:

  • Nonlinear coherent structures in granular crystals offer rich dynamic responses.
  • Open problems and potential engineering applications are identified.
  • The study of these metamaterials is a vibrant and evolving field.