Sonographic Evaluation of Complications of Extracranial Carotid Artery Interventions
John D Millet1,2, Joseph J Cavallo1, Leslie M Scoutt1
1Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Abstract:
Carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting are among the most common peripheral vascular procedures performed worldwide. Sonography is the initial and often only imaging modality used in the evaluation of iatrogenic carotid arterial injuries. This pictorial essay provides an overview of the clinical and sonographic findings of complications after interventions in the extracranial carotid arteries, including dissection, fluid collections, pseudoaneurysm, thrombosis, thromboembolism, restenosis, and stent deformation. Grayscale, color, and pulsed Doppler imaging findings are reviewed, and correlations with computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography are provided.
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