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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

1.1K
Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

2.3K
Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
2.3K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

1.6K
Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
1.6K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

859
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
859
Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

1.3K
The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
1.3K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

1.6K
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
1.6K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow
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Recent advances in topical anesthesia.

Hyo-Seol Lee1

  • 1Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.

Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
|September 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Topical anesthetics reduce dental pain by numbing peripheral nerves. New formulations offer potent pain relief for various dental procedures, improving patient comfort and reducing anxiety.

Area of Science:

  • Dental Pharmacology
  • Pain Management
  • Anesthesiology

Background:

  • Topical anesthetics are crucial for managing pain in various dental procedures, including injections, orthodontic band placement, and managing oral mucositis.
  • Traditional formulations utilize active ingredients like lidocaine and benzocaine in diverse forms such as solutions, creams, gels, and sprays.
  • Eutectic mixtures and novel product developments are enhancing the potency and application of topical anesthetics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role and applications of topical anesthetics in modern dentistry.
  • To highlight the benefits of newer anesthetic formulations and their potential in managing procedural pain.
  • To inform dental professionals about the efficacy, potential side effects, and patient benefits of topical anesthetics.

Main Methods:

Keywords:
Administration, TopicalAnestheticsBenzocaineEMLALidocaine

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  • Literature review of existing studies on topical anesthetic efficacy and application in dentistry.
  • Analysis of traditional and novel topical anesthetic formulations, including eutectic mixtures.
  • Examination of clinical applications, patient-reported outcomes, and safety considerations.

Main Results:

  • Topical anesthetics effectively reduce pain during dental procedures, enhancing patient experience.
  • Eutectic mixtures and new product formulations demonstrate increased potency compared to traditional agents.
  • While generally safe, rare allergic reactions and overdose side effects necessitate professional awareness.

Conclusions:

  • Topical anesthetics are indispensable tools in dentistry for pain and anxiety mitigation, particularly in pediatric patients.
  • Advancements in anesthetic formulations offer improved efficacy for a broader range of dental treatments, including periodontal procedures like scaling.
  • Dentists must remain informed about the benefits, limitations, and potential risks associated with topical anesthetic use to ensure optimal patient care.