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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
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General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Surgical Approach to Full Soft Tissue Face Allograft Procurement for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation
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Regional anesthesia for maxillofacial surgery in developing countries.

Soung Min Kim1,2, Mi Hyun Seo2, Hoon Myoung2

  • 1Oral and Maxillofacial Microvascular Reconstruction LAB, Brong Ahafo Regional Hospital, Sunyani, Ghana.

Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
|September 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Regional anesthesia offers a safer, more efficient alternative to general anesthesia for maxillofacial procedures. This review details techniques for cleft lip cases, particularly relevant for developing countries with limited resources.

Keywords:
CheiloplastyDeveloping countriesMaxillofacial surgeryRegional anesthesia

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Background:

  • General anesthesia poses significant risks and resource challenges in many developing countries.
  • Maxillofacial regional anesthesia presents a safer and more efficient alternative when indications are appropriate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review regional anesthesia techniques in the maxillofacial region.
  • To describe cutaneous nerve divisions relevant to maxillofacial anesthesia.
  • To adapt anesthetic techniques for cleft lip cases in resource-limited settings.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of regional anesthesia in the maxillofacial region.
  • Description of relevant anatomical nerve pathways.
  • Adaptation of anesthetic protocols for specific surgical scenarios.

Main Results:

  • Regional anesthesia is a viable and effective option for maxillofacial procedures.
  • Understanding nerve anatomy is crucial for successful regional blocks.
  • Specific techniques are outlined for cleft lip repair in developing countries.

Conclusions:

  • Regional anesthesia is a preferred method for maxillofacial surgery in resource-limited environments.
  • Proper patient selection and anatomical knowledge enhance safety and efficacy.
  • The review provides practical guidance for managing cleft lip cases with regional anesthesia.