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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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CRISPR Gene Editing Tool for MicroRNA Cluster Network Analysis
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MicroRNAs and Epigenetics.

Catia Moutinho1, Manel Esteller2

  • 1Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

Advances in Cancer Research
|September 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic mechanisms control microRNA (minRNA) expression, and their disruption is linked to cancer. Understanding this epigenetic regulation of miRNAs offers potential for cancer biomarkers and novel therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
BiomarkersCancerDNA methylationEpi-miRNAsEpigeneticsHistone modificationsMicroRNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Oncology

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs regulating gene expression posttranscriptionally.
  • miRNA expression is controlled by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, similar to protein-coding genes.
  • Aberrant miRNA expression is a hallmark of cancer, often resulting from disrupted regulatory processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the intricate relationship between microRNAs (miRNAs) and epigenetics in the context of cancer development (carcinogenesis).
  • To elucidate how epigenetic modifications influence miRNA expression and how miRNAs, in turn, impact epigenetic machinery.
  • To highlight the clinical relevance of understanding miRNA epigenetic dysregulation for cancer prognosis and therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on miRNA epigenetic regulation.
  • Analysis of mechanisms by which DNA methylation and histone modifications affect miRNA genes.
  • Investigation of the role of miRNAs as epigenetic modulators (epi-miRNAs) affecting chromatin structure and gene expression.

Main Results:

  • miRNAs are subject to epigenetic regulation via DNA methylation and histone modifications.
  • miRNAs can act as epi-miRNAs, targeting enzymes involved in epigenetic remodeling.
  • miRNAs can bind to gene promoters, influencing chromatin structure and cellular transcriptional landscape.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic dysregulation of miRNAs plays a significant role in carcinogenesis.
  • Epigenetic alterations of miRNAs provide valuable prognostic biomarkers in cancer.
  • Targeting miRNA epigenetic dysregulation presents a promising avenue for developing novel cancer therapeutics.