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Related Concept Videos

Personal Protective Equipment01:20

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Personal protective equipment (PPE) is unique clothing or equipment worn by an employee to minimize or prevent exposure to infectious agents. PPE creates a barrier between the employee and the infectious materials. PPE must be readily available in the patient care area. PPE includes gloves, gowns and aprons, masks and respirators, goggles, face shields, shoes, and headcovers:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact
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Do air-gaps behind soft body armour affect protection?

Lee Tilsley1, D J Carr1, C Lankester1

  • 1Impact and Armour Group, Centre for Defence Engineering, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, UK.

Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
|September 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary

An air-gap behind body armour can reduce ballistic protection, increasing injury risk. Studies show a 10mm air-gap significantly worsens performance, leading to more severe back face signatures. Body armour should be worn without air-gaps.

Keywords:
BABTBFSbullet deformationpencilingperforation

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Area of Science:

  • Ballistics
  • Materials Science
  • Protective Equipment

Background:

  • Body armour, essential for law enforcement, typically includes hard armour plates and fabric.
  • Optimal protection relies on close body contact, but air-gaps can occur due to fit or design.
  • The impact of these air-gaps on ballistic performance and injury potential is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the effect of air-gaps on ballistic protection.
  • To assess the impact of air-gaps on back face signature (BFS) after non-perforating ballistic incidents.
  • To evaluate the risk of injury associated with air-gaps in body armour.

Main Methods:

  • Ballistic testing of police body armour panels (400x400mm) against 9mm Luger FMJ ammunition.
  • Simulated air-gaps ranging from 0-15mm were introduced between the armour and a calibrated backing.
  • Measured perforation, BFS depth, and identified instances of pencilling.

Main Results:

  • A critical air-gap of 10mm was found to be detrimental to armour performance at 0° impacts.
  • Pencilling, a severe BFS, occurred more frequently with a 10mm air-gap, indicating increased injury potential.
  • At 30° impacts, armour was susceptible to perforation regardless of the air-gap size.

Conclusions:

  • Air-gaps behind body armour may increase the likelihood of wearer injury.
  • It is recommended that body armour be worn with no air-gap for optimal protection.
  • Further research may explore optimal air-gap management in specialized protective gear.