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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

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Prospecting for an HIV vaccine.

D M Brett-Major1,2, T A Crowell1,2, N L Michael1

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Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines
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Developing a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is challenging because natural immunity is unpredictable. The RV144 trial offers partial success and insights for future HIV vaccine development.

Keywords:
Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine protective efficacy immunology review

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) presents unique challenges for vaccine development.
  • Unlike many diseases, protective natural immunity against HIV is not observed, limiting guidance from natural infection.
  • The development of an effective preventative HIV vaccine remains a critical global health priority.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the challenges and progress in developing a preventative HIV vaccine.
  • To highlight lessons learned from past HIV vaccine efficacy trials, particularly RV144.
  • To discuss the implications of HIV immunology and acute infection studies for future vaccine strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HIV vaccine development.
  • Analysis of outcomes from six HIV vaccine efficacy trials.
  • Examination of immunological data from acute HIV infections and vaccine studies.

Main Results:

  • No predictable, protective natural immunity against HIV exists.
  • Six human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine efficacy trials have been conducted.
  • The RV144 trial in Thailand demonstrated partial protective efficacy, providing valuable insights.

Conclusions:

  • Lessons from the RV144 trial and ongoing research in HIV immunology offer hope for a viable vaccine.
  • Understanding acute HIV infections is crucial for designing effective vaccine candidates.
  • Continued research and innovative approaches are necessary to achieve a breakthrough in HIV vaccine development.