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Time crystals: a review.

Krzysztof Sacha1, Jakub Zakrzewski1

  • 1Instytut Fizyki imienia Mariana Smoluchowskiego and Mark Kac Complex Systems Research Center, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ulica Profesora Stanisława Łojasiewicza, 11 PL-30-348 Kraków, Poland.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Time crystals, structures with repeating patterns in time, are explored. Research reviews challenges in observing discrete time crystals and strategies for breaking continuous time translation symmetry.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum physics
  • Theoretical physics

Background:

  • Time crystals are novel self-organized structures exhibiting time-periodic behavior.
  • Initial concepts faced criticism but spurred significant research into discrete (Floquet) time crystals.
  • Discrete time crystals arise from the spontaneous breaking of discrete time translation symmetry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the challenges and progress in observing discrete time crystals.
  • To explore generalizations of time crystals, introducing condensed matter principles into the time domain.
  • To revisit the original concept of continuous time crystals and investigate symmetry-breaking strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of theoretical propositions and experimental verifications of discrete time crystals.
  • Analysis of generalized time crystal models.
  • Examination of strategies for spontaneous breaking of continuous time translation symmetry.

Main Results:

  • Significant research has led to propositions and experimental verifications of discrete time crystals.
  • Generalizations are being developed to introduce condensed matter-like physics in the time domain.
  • Strategies for breaking continuous time translation symmetry are under investigation.

Conclusions:

  • The study of time crystals has evolved significantly since their initial proposal.
  • Discrete time crystals are experimentally accessible, with ongoing research into their properties and applications.
  • Future research directions include exploring continuous time crystals and advanced condensed matter analogues in the time domain.