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Related Concept Videos

Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Introduction01:05

Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Introduction

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It is far more common for collisions to occur in two dimensions; that is, the initial velocity vectors are neither parallel nor antiparallel to each other. Let's see what complications arise from this. The first idea is that momentum is a vector. Like all vectors, it can be expressed as a sum of perpendicular components (usually, though not always, an x-component and a y-component, and a z-component if necessary). Thus, when the statement of conservation of momentum is written for a...
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Types of Collisions - II01:19

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When two or more objects collide with each other, they can stick together to form one single composite object (after collision). The total mass of the object after the collision is the sum of the masses of the original objects, and it moves with a velocity dictated by the conservation of momentum. Although the system's total momentum remains constant, the kinetic energy decreases, and thus such a collision is an inelastic collision. Most of the collisions between objects in daily life are...
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Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Problem Solving01:06

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In multiple dimensions, the conservation of momentum applies in each direction independently. Hence, to solve collisions in multiple dimensions, we should write down the momentum conservation in each direction separately. To help understand collisions in multiple dimensions, consider an example.
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Types Of Collisions - I01:04

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When two objects come in direct contact with each other, it is called a collision. During a collision, two or more objects exert forces on each other in a relatively short amount of time. A collision can be categorized as either an elastic or inelastic collision. If two or more objects approach each other, collide and then bounce off, moving away from each other with the same relative speed at which they approached each other, the total kinetic energy of the system is said to be conserved. This...
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Elastic Collisions: Introduction01:00

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An elastic collision is one that conserves both internal kinetic energy and momentum. Internal kinetic energy is the sum of the kinetic energies of the objects in a system. Truly elastic collisions can only be achieved with subatomic particles, such as electrons striking nuclei. Macroscopic collisions can be very nearly, but not quite, elastic, as some kinetic energy is always converted into other forms of energy such as heat transfer due to friction and sound. An example of a nearly...
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Introduction to Structures01:30

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A structure is defined as a system of interconnected members designed to support or transfer forces and successfully withstand the loads acting on them. The internal forces of a structure can be determined by decomposing the structure and analyzing the free-body diagrams of the individual members or of a combination of members. This helps in understanding the structural elements' behavior and ensuring that the structure is stable and can withstand the subjected loads.
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Related Experiment Video

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Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management
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Visual Structure and Function in Collision Sport Athletes.

Danielle Leong1, Christina Morettin, Leonard V Messner

  • 1Illinois Eye Institute (DL, CM, LVM, RJS, YP), Illinois College of Optometry, Chicago, Illinois; and Departments of Neurology, Ophthalmology, Population Health (SLG, LJB), New York University, New York, New York.

Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society
|September 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Professional athletes in collision sports show retinal nerve fiber layer thinning and reduced visual function, similar to neurodegenerative diseases. These vision changes may indicate long-term risks from head trauma.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Vision-based markers are established for neurodegenerative diseases like MS, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's.
  • Repetitive head trauma in collision sports is linked to long-term neurodegenerative outcomes.
  • Investigating retinal changes in athletes may reveal early signs of head trauma impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare retinal structure and visual function in professional collision sport athletes versus controls.
  • To identify potential vision-based biomarkers for head trauma effects in athletes.
  • To explore correlations between retinal changes, visual function, and quality of life.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study comparing 46 collision sport athletes to 104 controls.
  • Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) for retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness.
  • Assessed high- and low-contrast visual acuity (LCLA), King-Devick Test, and vision-specific quality of life (QOL).

Main Results:

  • Athletes exhibited significant RNFL thinning (4.8 μm) compared to controls (P=0.01).
  • Low-contrast letter acuity (LCLA) at 2.5% contrast and vision-specific QOL were significantly reduced in athletes (P=0.001, P=0.04).
  • No significant differences in rapid number naming or RNFL thickness in football subgroup.

Conclusions:

  • Collision sport athletes demonstrate retinal axonal and neuronal loss, particularly boxers.
  • These findings parallel visual and QOL deficits seen in neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Vision changes in athletes may serve as in vivo indicators for potential future neurodegeneration due to head trauma.