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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

3.6K
A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
3.6K
Pipe Flowrate Measurement01:28

Pipe Flowrate Measurement

1.3K
In pipe flow measurement, orifice, nozzle, and Venturi meters are commonly used to determine fluid flowrates by constricting the flow area, which increases fluid velocity and reduces pressure. This pressure difference, governed by Bernoulli's principle and adjusted for real-world conditions, is essential for calculating flowrate. Each meter type is suited to specific applications based on accuracy, efficiency, and compatibility with various flow conditions.
The orifice meter is a simple,...
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Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

1.9K
Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
1.9K
Thermal Stress01:09

Thermal Stress

3.4K
If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
3.4K
Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

34.0K
Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
34.0K
General External Flow Characteristics01:26

General External Flow Characteristics

569
The study of external flow is essential for creating structures and objects that interact efficiently and safely with moving fluids, such as air or water. When a body is immersed in a flowing fluid, it experiences two primary forces: drag, which opposes motion along the flow direction, and lift, which acts perpendicular to the flow. The shape, size, and orientation of the object influence these forces.Streamlined and Blunt Bodies in External FlowObjects in fluid flow are classified as...
569

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping
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Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping

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Thermal Flow Sensors for Harsh Environments.

Vivekananthan Balakrishnan1, Hoang-Phuong Phan2, Toan Dinh3

  • 1Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, QLD, Australia. vivekananthan.balakrishnan@griffithuni.edu.au.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thermal flow sensors offer a promising solution for measuring flow in harsh environments, even above 500 °C. Their fabrication ease, sensitivity, and suitability for high-temperature applications are key advantages.

Keywords:
harsh environmentmaterialsoperational modesproperties and packagingthermal flowtransduction

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Sensor Technology
  • Microfabrication

Background:

  • Flow sensing in extreme environments is crucial for automotive, aerospace, and chemical industries.
  • Thermal flow sensors are gaining traction over non-thermal methods due to ease of fabrication, lack of moving parts, and higher sensitivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in thermal flow sensors for high-temperature applications (above 500 °C).
  • To highlight the suitability of thermal sensing principles for hostile environments.
  • To discuss critical aspects of sensor packaging for high-temperature operation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of microelectronic technologies like silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) for sensor fabrication.
  • Analysis of various heating and sensing materials (metals, semiconductors, polymers, ceramics) for different temperature ranges.
  • Evaluation of sensor performance metrics including thermal response time and flow sensitivity.

Main Results:

  • Thermal flow sensors demonstrate suitability for operation in harsh, high-temperature environments.
  • Various materials and microelectronic technologies enable sensor operation above 500 °C.
  • Sensor packaging is a critical factor for high-temperature applications, with novel techniques emerging.

Conclusions:

  • Thermal flow sensing is a viable technology for demanding industrial applications.
  • Material selection and microfabrication techniques are key to developing high-temperature sensors.
  • Advanced packaging solutions are essential for the reliability of sensors in extreme conditions.