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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Author Spotlight: Isolating Biomolecules from Mouse Tears — A Methodology for Molecular Analysis and Biomarker Research
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Thyroid-associated orbitopathy and tears: A proteomics study.

Edina Kishazi1, Marianne Dor1, Simone Eperon2

  • 1OPTICS Laboratory, Department of Human Protein Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Journal of Proteomics
|September 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified potential biomarkers in tears for diagnosing Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy (TAO). This proteomics study highlights tear fluid

Keywords:
BiomarkersGas-phase fractionation (GPF)ProteomicsTandem mass tag™ (TMT)TearsThyroid-associated orbitopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and Immunology
  • Proteomics and Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy (TAO) is a challenging autoimmune inflammatory eye disease.
  • Early TAO symptoms can be misdiagnosed, potentially leading to severe, sight-threatening stages.
  • Current diagnostic methods for TAO are limited, necessitating novel approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate tear fluid proteome in TAO patients for potential diagnostic biomarkers.
  • To identify specific proteins with altered levels in TAO tears compared to controls.
  • To explore tears as a non-invasive fluid for TAO biomarker discovery.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative proteomics using Tandem Mass Tag™ 6-plex experiments.
  • In-solution digestion, isoelectric fractionation, and LC-MS/MS analysis (LTQ Orbitrap Velos).
  • Proteome Discoverer software for data analysis and verification using orthogonal approaches.

Main Results:

  • Quantification of 712 unique tear proteins.
  • Identification of differential protein levels in TAO patients, including cystatin c, alpha-1 antichymotrypsin, and retinal dehydrogenase.
  • Cystatin c and alpha-1 antichymotrypsin showed increased levels, while retinal dehydrogenase showed decreased levels in TAO tears.

Conclusions:

  • Tear fluid reflects disease-specific biological modifications, making it a promising source for biomarker discovery.
  • Cystatin c, alpha-1 antichymotrypsin, and retinal dehydrogenase are proposed as potential novel biomarkers for TAO diagnosis.
  • These findings may lead to improved early diagnosis and management of TAO, preventing severe complications.