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Proteoglycans01:05

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Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
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Synthetic zwitterionic polysaccharides.

Qingju Zhang1, Herman S Overkleeft1, Gijsbert A van der Marel1

  • 1Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.

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Zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPSs) are unique molecules that activate both innate and adaptive immune responses. This review details synthetic strategies and challenges in creating these complex immunological compounds.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology and Glycobiology
  • Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

  • Zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPSs) possess unique immunological properties.
  • They activate T-cell responses via antigen-presenting cells and MHC II.
  • ZPSs also potently stimulate the innate immune system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review synthetic approaches for assembling ZPS fragments.
  • To highlight the molecular details of ZPS immunological activity.
  • To illustrate the challenges in synthesizing these complex structures.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of reported synthetic strategies for ZPSs.
  • Analysis of methods used to assemble polysaccharide fragments.
  • Discussion of challenges in ZPS synthesis.

Main Results:

  • Various synthetic routes towards ZPSs have been reported.
  • These approaches aim to understand ZPS structure-activity relationships.
  • Significant synthetic challenges exist for creating ZPSs.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesis of ZPSs presents considerable challenges.
  • Understanding these synthetic hurdles is crucial for unlocking ZPS potential.
  • Further synthetic innovation is needed for ZPS research.