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Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Herbs-Partitioned Moxibustion on the Navel in a Rat Model of Primary Dysmenorrhea with Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis
Published on: October 4, 2024
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug resistance in dysmenorrhea: epidemiology, causes, and treatment
Folabomi A Oladosu1, Frank F Tu1, Kevin M Hellman1
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem and Pritzker School of Medicine University of Chicago, Evanston, IL.
Abstract:
Although nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs can alleviate menstrual pain, about 18% of women with dysmenorrhea are unresponsive, leaving them and their physicians to pursue less well-studied strategies. The goal of this review is to provide a background for treating menstrual pain when first-line options fail. Research on menstrual pain and failure of similar drugs in the antiplatelet category suggested potential mechanisms underlying nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug resistance. Based on these mechanisms, alternative options may be helpful for refractory cases. This review also identifies key pathways in need of further study to optimize menstrual pain treatment.
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