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The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
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Policy evaluation and democracy: Do they fit?

Fritz Sager1

  • 1University of Bern, KPM Center for Public Management, Schanzeneckstrasse 1, P.O. Box, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.

Evaluation and Program Planning
|September 12, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Policy evaluation and democracy are compatible. Research shows evaluations enhance democratic processes, increasing deliberative quality in campaigns and informing parliamentarians.

Keywords:
Evaluation and democracyEvidence-based policyNon-expert evaluation utilizationPolitical usePolitics-administration-dichotomyTechnocracy

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Area of Science:

  • Political Science
  • Public Policy

Background:

  • Examines the relationship between democratic processes and policy evaluation.
  • Investigates the utilization of evaluations within democratic systems.

Discussion:

  • Argues for a more integrated role of policy evaluation in democracy, extending beyond expert use.
  • Highlights the surprising familiarity of parliamentarians with evaluation findings.
  • Demonstrates how incorporating evaluations into policy arguments improves the deliberative quality of democratic campaigns.

Key Insights:

  • Policy evaluation and democracy are highly compatible.
  • Increased use of evaluations strengthens democratic deliberation.
  • Parliamentarians are more engaged with policy evaluations than previously assumed.

Outlook:

  • Suggests future research on maximizing the synergy between evaluation and democratic practices.
  • Encourages broader adoption of evidence-based policy-making in democratic governance.