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Related Concept Videos

Altered States of Awareness01:06

Altered States of Awareness

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Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
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The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

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According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
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Self-Awareness and Its Effects01:21

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Self-awareness is a psychological state in which the individual becomes the focal point of their attention. This inward focus transforms the self into an object of contemplation and assessment, influencing how individuals perceive their actions and their alignment with personal and societal standards.Triggers and Contexts for Self-AwarenessSelf-awareness can be activated by external stimuli that make individuals visually or audibly aware of themselves, such as mirrors, cameras, or recordings.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder01:30

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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously termed multiple personality disorder, is a complex psychological condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. Each identity exhibits unique patterns of behavior, voice, and mannerisms and may possess separate memories and emotional responses. The alternating control between identities can result in memory gaps and challenges in recalling daily activities, often exacerbating the individual's...
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The self-concept encompasses individuals' beliefs about themselves, structured through cognitive frameworks known as self-schemas. These schemas function as mental representations of specific traits or behaviors, influencing how self-relevant information is perceived, processed, and remembered. For example, individuals who are schematic for body weight are more likely to interpret routine experiences—such as dining out or shopping—through the lens of that trait. Conversely, those...
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Self-Schemas02:16

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In general, a schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment
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Altered bodily self-consciousness in multiple sclerosis.

Elena Nava1, Flavia Mattioli2, Chiara Gamberini1

  • 1Department of Psychology & NeuroMi-Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy.

Journal of Neuropsychology
|September 12, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) impacts bodily self-consciousness, specifically affecting the ability to locate body parts in space. This dissociation between body ownership and self-location may worsen functional disability in MS patients.

Keywords:
bodily self-consciousnessmultiple sclerosismultisensory integrationrubber hand

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Medical Research

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease.
  • Bodily self-consciousness (BSC) is crucial for body awareness and spatial orientation.
  • The specific impact of MS on BSC components remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how multiple sclerosis affects distinct aspects of bodily self-consciousness.
  • To utilize the Rubber Hand Illusion paradigm to assess body ownership and self-location in MS patients.

Main Methods:

  • Employed the Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) to evaluate body ownership and self-location.
  • Recruited patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis for the study.
  • Assessed explicit ownership and pointing localization towards a rubber hand model.

Main Results:

  • Patients with MS demonstrated a clear dissociation between body ownership and self-location.
  • MS patients explicitly reported ownership of the rubber hand.
  • A significant deficit was observed in the ability to localize the rubber hand in space.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple sclerosis selectively impairs specific components of bodily self-consciousness.
  • Deficits in spatial localization of body parts may contribute to functional disability in MS.
  • Targeting BSC impairments could offer new therapeutic avenues for MS patients.