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Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Artificial Intelligence Approaches to Assessing Primary Cilia
Published on: May 1, 2021
Application of laboratory and digital techniques for visual enhancement during the ultrastructural assessment of
1a Central EM-Lab, Department of Pathology , University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany.
Abstract:
Routine diagnostic electron microscopy of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is based on the findings of ultrastructural defects of axonemal components. Assessment of the typical abnormalities can be enhanced by improving the sample preservation status using tannic acid (TA) as additive in the biopsy fixation or processing steps. Another option is the implementation of computer-assisted image analysis tools. Advancements in high-resolution 3D visualization of the axonemal structure have been noted, with great potential for the future diagnosis of inherited cilia disorders.
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