Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
Published on: January 10, 2025
Disease screening and prevention for transgender and gender-diverse adults
Elizabeth Schmidt1, Denise Rizzolo
1Elizabeth Schmidt is an assistant professor in the PA program at Butler University in Indianapolis, Ind. Denise Rizzolo is an assistant clinical professor in the PA program at Pace University in New York City and an associate professor in the Department of Nursing at Kean University in Union, N.J. The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise.
Abstract:
Primary care clinicians have an important role in the health and wellness of transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) adults and need to know best practices of health maintenance and disease prevention interventions. This article focuses on how exogenous use of sex steroids provided as hormone therapy and gender-affirming procedures affect screening and prevention. Hormone therapy can affect the heart, liver, lipids, bones, brain, skin, and reproductive organs; likewise, behaviors and gender-affirming procedures may alter the risks, prevalence, and screening techniques of sexually transmitted infections. Where applicable, modifications accounting for those differences should be incorporated into the primary care of TGD adults.
Related Concept Videos
Preventive Healthcare Services
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra....
Levels of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention
In primary prevention, actions taken before disease onset prevent the disease from...
Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets
Contact Precautions:
Contact precautions are the measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially epidemiologically important microorganisms such as MRSA or influenza, primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an...

